What Is the Weight of a Baby Male Elephant in India

The most widespread subspecies of Asian elephant

For the species too referred to equally the Indian elephant, encounter Asian elephant.

Indian elephant Temporal range: Pleistocene - Recent[1]
Tusked male in Bandipur National Park
Female in Nagarhole National Park
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[2]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Lodge:	Proboscidea
Family:	Elephantidae
Genus:	Elephas
Species:	East. maximus
Subspecies:	E. thousand. indicus
Trinomial name
Elephas maximus indicus Cuvier, 1798
Synonyms
Eastward. m. bengalensis de Blainville, 1843

The Indian elephant (Elephas maximus indicus) is ane of three extant recognised subspecies of the Asian elephant and native to mainland Asia.^[3]

Since 1986, the Asian elephant has been listed as Endangered on the IUCN Crimson List as the wild population has declined past at least 50% since the 1930s to 1940s, i.e. 3 elephant generations. The Asian elephant is threatened by habitat loss, deposition and fragmentation.^[two]

Characteristics [edit]

In general, Asian elephants are smaller than African elephants and take the highest torso bespeak on the head. The tip of their trunk has i finger-like procedure. Their back is convex or level.^[three] Indian elephants accomplish a shoulder height of between 2 and 3.5 thousand (6.6 and xi.5 ft), counterbalance between 2,000 and 5,000 kg (four,400 and xi,000 lb), and have 19 pairs of ribs. Their skin color is lighter than that of E. m. maximus with smaller patches of depigmentation, but darker than that of Eastward. m. sumatranus. Females are normally smaller than males, and take short or no tusks.^[4]

The largest Indian elephant was 3.43 m (11.3 ft) high at the shoulder.^[v] In 1985, two large elephant bulls were spotted for the first time in Bardia National Park, and named Raja Gaj and Kanchha. They roamed the park area together and occasionally visited female herds. Raja Gaj stood 3.43 m (11.3 ft) alpine at the shoulder and had a massive body weight. His forehead and domes were more prominent than in other Asian bull elephants.^[6] His appearance has been compared to that of a Stegodon and mammoth due to his high bi-domed shaped head.^[7]

Indian elephants accept smaller ears, but relatively broader skulls and larger trunks than African elephants. Toes are large and wide. Unlike their African cousins, their abdomen is proportionate with their body weight but the African elephant has a large abdomen as compared to the skulls.^{[ citation needed ]}

Distribution and habitat [edit]

Wild elephants in Munnar, Kerala

The Indian elephant is native to mainland Asia: Bharat, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Malay Peninsula, Laos, Mainland china, Kingdom of cambodia, and Vietnam. It is regionally extinct in Pakistan.^[ii] It inhabits grasslands, dry deciduous, moist deciduous, evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. In the early 1990s, the estimated wild populations included:^[8]

• 27,785–31,368 in India,^[9] where populations are restricted to four full general areas:^[eight]
  • in the Northwest — at the human foot of the Himalayas in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, ranging from Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary to the Yamuna River;
  • in the Northeast – from the eastern edge of Nepal in northern West Bengal through western Assam along the Himalaya foothills as far as the Mishmi Hills, extending into eastern Arunachal Pradesh, the plains of upper Assam, and the foothills of Nagaland, to the Garo Hills of Meghalaya through the Khasi Hills, to parts of the lower Brahmaputra plains and Karbi Plateau; isolated herds occur in Tripura, Mizoram, Manipur, and in the Barak Valley districts of Assam:
  • in the primal part — in Odisha, Jharkhand, and in the southern office of West Bengal, with some animals wandering into Chhattisgarh;
  • in the South – eight populations are fragmented from each other in northern Karnataka, in the crestline of Karnataka–Western Ghats, in Bhadra–Malnad, in Brahmagiri–Nilgiris–Eastern Ghats, in Nilambur–Silent Valley–Coimbatore, in Anamalai–Parambikulam, in Periyar–Srivilliputhur, and ane in Agasthyamalai;
• 100–125 in Nepal, where their range is restricted to a few protected areas in the Terai along the border with Republic of india. In 2002, estimates ranged from 106 to 172 resident and migratory elephants, with most of them in Bardia National Park;^[10]
• 150–250 in People's republic of bangladesh, where only isolated populations survive in the Chittagong Hills;
• 250–500 in Bhutan, where their range is limited to protected areas in the due south along the border with Republic of india;
• 4,000–5,000 in Myanmar, where populations are highly fragmented, and occur in the northern ranges and Arakan Yoma in western, Pegu Yoma of central Myanmar, Tenasserim and Shan Country;

• 2,500–3,200 in Thailand, mainly in the mountains forth the border with Myanmar, with smaller fragmented populations occurring in the peninsula in the south;
• two,100–3,100 in Malaysia;
• 500–1,000 Laos, where they remain widely merely patchily distributed in forested areas, both in the highlands and lowlands;
• 200–250 in China, where they survive only in the prefectures of Xishuangbanna, Simao, and Lincang of southern Yunnan;
• 250–600 in Cambodia, where they primarily inhabit the mountains of the south-west and in Mondulkiri and Ratanakiri Provinces;
• 70–150 in the southern parts of Vietnam.

Elephant corridors [edit]

There are a total of 138 state elephant corridors, 28 interstate corridors and 17 international state corridors where Indian elephant populations are found. The table below enlists the corridors.^[11]

Region-wise Distribution of Corridors

Region	Number of Corridors	Surface area (km2)	Percentage of elephant population
N-East	58	41,000	33%
East	54	23,500	x%
North	8	five,500	4%
South	46	xl,000	53%

Ecology and behaviour [edit]

Elephants are classified equally megaherbivores and swallow upward to 150 kg (330 lb) of plant matter per day.^[12] They are generalist feeders, and both grazers and browsers. In a study expanse of i,130 km² (440 sq mi) in southern Republic of india, elephants were recorded to feed on 112 unlike plant species, nearly usually of the social club Malvales, and the legume, palm, sedge and true grass families. They graze on the tall grasses, but the portion consumed varies with flavor. When the new flush appears in April, they remove the tender blades in small clumps. Afterward, when grasses are college than 0.5 m (1.6 ft), they uproot entire clumps, dust them skilfully and consume the fresh leave tops, but discard the roots. When grasses are mature in autumn, they clean and consume the delicious basal portions with the roots, and discard the fibrous blades. From the bamboos, they consume seedlings, culms and lateral shoots. During the dry flavour from January to Apr, they mainly browse on both leaves and twigs preferring the fresh leafage, and consume thorn bearing shoots of acacia species without any obvious discomfort. They feed on the bark of white thorn and other flowering plants, and consume the fruits of wood apple tree, tamarind, kumbhi and engagement palm.^[13]

In Nepal's Bardia National Park, elephants eat large amounts of the floodplain grass, peculiarly during the monsoon season. They browse more in the dry season with bark constituting a major part of their diet in the cool part of that season.^[14] During a study in a tropical moist mixed deciduous forested area of 160 kmⁱⁱ (62 sq mi) in Assam, elephants were observed to feed on about twenty species of grasses, plants and trees. Grasses such as Imperata cylindrica and Leersia hexandra constituted past far the most predominant component of their diet.^[15]

The movement and habitat utilisation patterns of an elephant population were studied in southern India during 1981–83 within a 1,130 km² (440 sq mi) study area. The vegetation types of this expanse encompasses dry thorn forest at 250 to 400 m (820 to one,310 ft), deciduous wood at 400 to 1,400 thou (1,300 to four,600 ft), stunted evergreen forest and grassland at 1,400 to 1,800 g (4,600 to 5,900 ft). Five different elephant clans, each consisting of betwixt l and 200 individuals had dwelling ranges of between 105 km² (41 sq mi) and 320 km² (120 sq mi), which overlapped. They preferred habitat where water was available and food plants were palatable. During the dry months of January to April, they congregated at high densities of upwards to 5 individuals per km² in river valleys where browse plants had a much higher protein content than the coarse tall grasses on hill slopes. With the onset of rains in May, they dispersed over a wider area at lower densities, largely into the tall grass forests, to feed on the fresh grasses, which then had a high protein value. During the 2nd wet season from September to December, when the tall grasses became fibrous, they moved into lower summit short grass open forests. The normal move pattern could be upset during years of adverse environmental weather. However, the movement blueprint of elephants in this region has not basically changed for over a century, as inferred from descriptions recorded during the 19th century.^[16]

In the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve three elephant clans had overall abode ranges of 562 km² (217 sq mi), 670 km² (260 sq mi) and 799 km² (308 sq mi) in the beginning of the 1990s. During 3 years of survey, their annual home ranges overlapped to a large extent with only pocket-sized shifts in the home ranges between years.^[17]

Threats [edit]

A big male in Mudumalai National Park

A calf in the Nagarhole National Park with injuries on the head indicating a possible attack past a leopard or a tiger

The pre-eminent threats to Asian elephants today are habitat loss, degradation, and fragmentation, which are driven by an expanding human population, and lead in plough to increasing conflicts between humans and elephants when elephants eat or trample crops.^[ii] Loss of significant extents of elephant range and suitable habitat continues; their gratuitous movement is impeded by reservoirs, hydroelectric projects and associated canals, irrigation dams, numerous pockets of cultivation and plantations, highways, railway lines, mining and industrial development.^[8]

Poaching of elephants for ivory is a serious threat in some parts of Asia. Poaching of tuskers impacts on sex ratios that get highly female biased; genetic variation is reduced, and fecundity and recruitment may reject.^[eight] Poaching has dramatically skewed developed sex ratios in the Periyar Tiger Reserve, where between 1969 and 1989 the developed male person:female sex ratio changed from one:6 to i:122.^[18]

Elephant conservation in northern W Bengal has been set dorsum due to high-levels of human being–elephant conflict and elephant bloodshed owing to railway accidents. The railway track between Siliguri and Alipurduar passes through 74 km (46 mi) of various woods divisions. Every twenty-four hours, 20 trains run on this track at high speeds. Elephants that pass through from one forest patch to another dash confronting the trains and dice. A full of 39 expressionless elephants were reported during the period of 1958 to 2008, of which x were reported killed between 2004 and 2008.^[nineteen]

In Bangladesh, forested areas that served every bit prime elephant habitat have undergone drastic reduction, which had a severe impact on the wild elephant population. Habitat loss and fragmentation is attributed to the increasing homo population and its need for fuel wood and timber. Illegal timber extraction plays a significant role in deforestation and habitat degradation. As a result of the shrinking habitat, elephants have become more and more than prone to coming into direct conflict with humans.^[20]

In Myanmar, demand for elephant ivory for making tourist items is college than ever before. The military authorities shows little interest in reducing the ivory trade, while the elephants in the country have become the silent victims. After the worldwide ivory ban, prices of raw ivory in the country skyrocketed from $76 a kilo for large tusks in 1989/xc to over $200 a kilo by the mid-1990s. Foreign tourists are responsible for the massive rise in price of ivory tusks which fuels the illegal killing of elephants. There is also a sizeable trade in ivory chopsticks and carvings, smuggled past traders from Myanmar into Communist china.^[21]

Young wild-born elephants are removed from their mothers in Myanmar for use in Thailand's tourism industry. Mothers are often killed in the process, and calves are placed aslope unrelated cows to suggest they are with their mothers. The calves are oftentimes subjected to a 'breaking in' process, which may involve being tied up, confined, starved, beaten and tortured, as a effect of which two-thirds may perish.^[22]

Electrocution due to contact with electrical poles and transformers has been reported equally some other major threat to elephants in India, with an estimated 461 elephants having been electrocuted between 2009 and 2017.^{[23] [24]}

For illness risk, see Elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus.

Conservation [edit]

Elephas maximus is listed on CITES Appendix I.^[two] Projection Elephant was launched in 1992 by the Government of India Ministry of Environment and Forests to provide fiscal and technical support of wildlife management efforts by states for their complimentary ranging populations of wild Asian Elephants. The projection aims to ensure long-term survival of viable conservation reliant populations of elephants in their natural habitats by protecting the elephants, their habitats and migration corridors. Other goals of Projection Elephant are supporting inquiry of the ecology and management of elephants, creating conservation awareness among local people, providing improved veterinary care for convict elephants.^{[25] [26]}

Run across also [edit]

• Sri Lankan elephant
• Sumatran elephant
• Borneo elephant
• Syrian elephant
• Javan elephant
• Elephants in Kerala culture
• Mela shikar
• African elephant

References [edit]

1. ^ fossilworks
2. ^ ^{a b c d east} Choudhury, A.; Lahiri Choudhury, D. Yard.; Desai, A.; Duckworth, J. Westward.; Easa, P. South.; Johnsingh, A. J. T.; Fernando, P.; Hedges, S.; Gunawardena, Yard.; Kurt, F., Karanth, U. Lister, A., Menon, Five., Riddle, H., Rübel, A. & Wikramanayake, E. (IUCN SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group) (2008). "Elephas maximus". IUCN Red Listing of Threatened Species. 2008: eastward.T7140A12828813. Retrieved 29 October 2018. {{cite periodical}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
3. ^ ^{a b} Shoshani, J.; Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). "Elephas maximus" (PDF). Mammalian Species (182): i–8. doi:ten.2307/3504045. JSTOR 3504045.
4. ^ Shoshani, J. (2006). "Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Evolution of Elephants". In Fowler, M. E.; Mikota, S. K. (eds.). Biology, medicine, and surgery of elephants. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 3–fourteen. ISBN0-8138-0676-iii.
5. ^ Pillai, N.Thou. (1941). "On the height and age of an elephant". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 42: 927–928.
6. ^ Furaha tenVelde, P. (1997). "The wild elephants of the Majestic Bardia National Park, Nepal" (PDF). Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Grouping (17): 41–44.
7. ^ Ben S. Roesch. "Living Stegodont or Genetic Freak?". Archived from the original on 8 Nov 2006. Retrieved 18 June 2008. {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
8. ^ ^{a b c d} Sukumar, R. (1993). The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Direction Second edition. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-43758-X
9. ^ "Elephant Reserves". ENVIS Centre on Wildlife & Protected Areas. Retrieved eighteen Apr 2017.
10. ^ Bhatta, S. R. (2006). Efforts to conserve the Asian elephant in Nepal. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group 25: 87–89.
11. ^ "Elephant Corridors of India" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2018.
12. ^ Samansiri, M. A. P., Weerakoon, D. Thou. (2007). Feeding Behaviour of Asian Elephants in the Northwestern Region of Sri Lanka. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Grouping. Number 2: 27–34
13. ^ Sukumar, R. (1990). Ecology of the Asian Elephant in southern India. Ii. Feeding habits and ingather raiding patterns Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of Tropical Ecology (1990) 6: 33–53.
14. ^ Pradhan, N.M.B., Wegge, P., Moe, Southward.R., Shrestha, A.K. (2008). Feeding ecology of two endangered sympatric megaherbivores: Asian elephant Elephas maximus and greater one-horned rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis in lowland Nepal. Wildlife Biology 14: 147–154.
15. ^ Borah, J., Deka, K. (2008). Nutritional Evaluation of Forage Preferred by Wild Elephants in the Rani Range Wood, Assam, India. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group 28: 41–43.
16. ^ Sukumar, R. (1989). Ecology of the Asian elephant in southern Republic of india. l. Movement and habitat utilization patterns Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Auto. Journal of Tropical Ecology 5: 1–18.
17. ^ Baskaran, N., Desai, A. A. (1996). Ranging behaviour of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, South India. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group fifteen: 41–57.
18. ^ Chandran, P. M. (1990). Population dynamics of elephants in Periyar Tiger Reserve. Pages 51–56 in: C. Thou. Karunakaran (ed.) Proceedings of the Symposium on Ecology, Behaviour and Management of Elephants in Kerala. Kerala Woods Department, Trivandrum, India.
19. ^ Roy, M. Baskaran, North., Sukumar, R. (2009). The Decease of Jumbos on Railway Tracks in Northern Due west Bengal. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group 31: 36–39.
20. ^ Islam, M.–A. (2006). Conservation of the Asian elephant in Bangladesh. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Grouping 25: 21–26.
21. ^ Vigne, L., Martin, Due east. (2002). Myanmar's ivory trade threatens wild elephants. Gajah: Journal of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group 21: 85–86.
22. ^ "Tourism driving illegal elephant merchandise in Burma and Thailand – video". guardian.co.uk. London. 24 July 2012.
23. ^ Umashanker, Thousand. (2019). "Mother elephant uproots transformer that electrocuted her baby in Andhra". The Hindu . Retrieved 27 July 2019.
24. ^ Koshy, J. (2019). "Homo-elephant conflicts: power poles should take spikes to keep away jumbos, says panel". The Hindu . Retrieved 27 July 2019.
25. ^ "Projection Elephant". wildlifeofindia.org. Retrieved xxx Jan 2016.
26. ^ "Project Elephant". Authorities of Bharat. Archived from the original on fourteen November 2017. Retrieved xxx January 2016.

Further reading [edit]

• Yard. P. Sanderson (1907) Xiii years amongst the wild beasts of India: their haunts and habits from personal ascertainment : with an account of the modes of capturing and taming elephants. John Grant, Edinburgh. 8th edition in 2000 by Asian Educational Services, New Delhi. ISBN 81-206-1464-X. ISBN 978-81-206-1464-2

External links [edit]

• Animal Diversity Web: Elephas maximus Asiatic elephant
• Honolulu Zoo: Indian Elephant
• Paintings of Indian Elephants

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_elephant

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